Faculty Website

ARCHITECTURE 1121

Orthographic & Paraline Drawings

Requirements

1-Plan
- A horizontal plane cut through level that is most descriptive
  - must include cut edges as well as edges above and below the cutting plane
2 Elevations
- surfaces at 90 degrees to each other
1 Vertical Section

A vertical plane cut through most descriptive plane

2 Paralines
- choose views that will fully describe the object
- use two different tone techniques, one must be even solid pencil tones, the second one must be an ink technique
  - tone values should include a full range from black to white
1 photograph of your object taken from a corner which clearly describes its form

Presentation
- Compose required drawings and photograph into a neat, orderly and visually interesting presentation
- All drawings should be titled with name and graphic scale
- All lettering must use drafted, measured, top and bottom guidelines
- All drawings must be securely mounted
- Layout should use tools for accurate and precise positioning of drawings and titles
- Presentations may use multiple panels but no panel may be larger than 24"x36"
- The following are always unacceptable
  - Visible tape or staples (these should probably never be used at all)
  - Poster board
  - Visible glue
  - Smudges
  - Uneven edges
  - Protruding points or sharp edges
  - Wordart, clipart or any other canned graphic element
  - Construction paper

Process

Orthographic Drawings:

The ability to accurately draw begins with the process of carefully seeing and visually analyzing the object. Study your object to determine all details and their proportional relationships
Determine the basic proportional unit of your figure, i.e. one square
Draw the view of your figure on good drawing paper using a hard pencil, 2H or 4H, to create light, construction lines.
Add all visible detail
Retrace lines with a softer pencil, H or 2H, to obtain final line weights
Attach the first drawing to your desk and project edges to the second drawing, i.e. start with the plan and project for the elevation
Attach the two drawings to you desk above and beside the paper for your third drawing. Project edges from both drawings to your third drawing

Paraline Plan Oblique Drawings :

The plan oblique shows the 3-dimensional object rotated 30° from the horizontal. Begin the drawing by lightly drawing, on good drawing paper a x/y/z coordinate as with "X" at 30 degrees to horizontal and "y" at 60 degrees to horizontal
Carefully observe your object from a corner and begin drawing what you see. Use a hard pencil and proportional relationships to develop an accurate representation.
Set a light at a 45° angle from the front left and above your object
Lightly define the shadows cast on your object and cast by your object onto your desk surface
Fill in the tone areas with appropriate values. Shadows are darker than shaded surfaces
Do not draw lines; objects should be fully defined by tonal edges

Objectives

Upon completion of this assignment students will be able to:

To be able to generate accurate, hand-drawn orthographic and paraline views of a simple object.
To be able to use a variety of techniques to control proportional relationships in drawings.
To be able to consistently draw smooth, even and straight lines in a range of line weights and various line types.
To be able to consistently draw perpendicular lines at a right angle or at 90°, to each other
To be able to consistently draw lines at angles for paraline views
To be able to apply even tonal values using a variety of techniques and media.
To be able to organize a number of different drawings into a cohesive presentation

Design Goals
	Designs should employ tonal values and form to enhance the original compositions Tonal values should be used to establish a consistent, believable 3-dimensional spatial environment The design should exhibit depth and movement Designs should use a variety of both flat and curved surfaces

Problem

To produce a comprehensive set of drawings to fully describe a simple object of your construction using conventional orthographic and Paraline views.
Constraints:

All objects will be built using 5 Duplo Blocks©. The blocks will be either 2x2 or 2x4 (numbers refer to the connector buttons on the top of the blocks) in size and a single, light color (light green, light blue, yellow or similar
Objects will fit within a 4” cube.
Pieces must be connected to create a stable object which will stand up buy itself.
Your object should involve the extents of the space available to your composition.

Introduction

Orthographic drawings are the foundation of architectural graphic communication; the primary types of orthographic drawings are plan, elevation and section. Each of these drawings is an accurate representation of a building or object in two dimensions showing size, location, and relationship of all visible elements. They do not show what we see, each orthographic view eliminates a dimension, they do not show objects 3 dimensionally.

Plan - horizontal view of a building or object which shows width and depth but not height. Plans may be cut above, below or through the object being drawn. Floor plans are actually horizontal sections cut through a building. We are very accustomed to seeing plan views of buildings.
Elevation - vertical view of a building or object which shows height and width or depth but not both. Elevations are cut in front of the object being drawn. They show what we see but without any spatial distortion.
Section - very similar to elevations, they are also a vertical view of a building or object which shows height and width or depth but the section is cut vertically through the object. Sections are the least intuitive of the three drawings as they show buildings or objects in a way that we never see them.

Paraline drawings are less commonly used than orthographic drawings. They are three dimensional representations of a building or object. They are similar to how we see but they correct the distortion that is created by distance. When we see, elements that are further away appear smaller than the same sized object close to us. This is a distortion of distance. Because of this distortion lines that are parallel appear to converge. Paraline drawings correct these distortions. Horizontal and vertical lines remain parallel and proportionally accurate. There are many different types of paraline drawings.