Genetics OUTLINE UNIT TWO
Biology 120: Genetics
Topical Outline
Unit Two
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- V.
- Linkage
- A.
- Determination of independence (eg., Chi Square Testing)
- B.
- Frequency of Recombination as an estimate of distance
- C.
- Two Point Crosses
- D.
- Three Point Crosses
- 1.
- Determination of gene order
- 2.
- Calculation of map distances
- E.
- Linkage Map Units are not strictly additive, nor does one linkage map unit strictly correspond to any fixed distance.
- VI.
- Molecular Genetics
- A.
- DNA as the Hereditary Material
- 1.
- Griffith and transformation
- 2.
- Avery, MacLeod and McCarty and transformation
- 3.
- Hershey and Chase and the Waring Blender experiment
- B.
- DNA Structure
- 1.
- Watson and Crick
- 2.
- Nucleotides (Deoxyribose, Nitrogenous Base, Phosphate)
- 3.
- Nitrogenous bases (Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine)
- 4.
- Complementary Base Pairing: The Secret to Life
- 5.
- Secondary Structure: The Double Helix
- 6.
- RNA structure vs. DNA structure
- 1.
- RNA contains the sugar ribose, instead of deoxyribose.
- b.
- The bases in RNA are adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil (no thymine). Uracil behaves just like thymine in base pairing.
- c.
- RNA is single stranded, not double stranded. As the helical secondary formation of DNA is the consequence of base pairing, RNA is not helical. NOTE: Some RNA sequences do quite a bit of internal base pairing between different sections of the same RNA molecule. In those regions, the molecule will assume the typical, double stranded helical secondary structure.
- d.
- RNA is typically much shorter than DNA.
- C.
- DNA Replication: DNA's Autocatalytic function
- 1.
- Semi-conservative replication.
- a.
- Meselson and Stahl experiments with heavy nitrogen
- b.
- Two sides separate and construct new partner strands, selecting nucleotides by complementary base pairing.
- 2.
- Enzymology
- D.
- Protein Synthesis: DNA's heterocatalytic function
- 1.
- DNA is an information archive; the active agent in protein synthesis is RNA.
- 2.
- Protein Synthesis has two stages
- a.
- Transcription (RNA Synthesis)
- b.
- Translation (Protein construction)
- 3.
- Protein Synthesis involves three kinds of RNA
- a.
- messenger RNA, transcribed from structural genes
- b.
- ribosomal RNA, transcribed from ribosomal DNA
- c.
- transfer RNA, transcribed from transfer DNA
- 4.
- The genetic code is triplet, degenerate, and universal.
Material for Exam II ends here
Continue on to Unit 3
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